Time Period: Approximately 3500 BCE to 539 BCE
Location: Present-day Iraq, along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Time Period: Around 3100 BCE to 332 BCE
Location: Northeastern Africa, along the Nile River
Time Period: Approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE
Location: Present-day Pakistan and northwest India, along the Indus River
Time Period: Around 1600 BCE to 1046 BCE (Shang Dynasty as a reference point)
Location: Along the Yellow River (Huang He) in China
Time Period: Approximately 4500 BCE to 1900 BCE
Location: Southern part of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq)